寧夏旅游攻略大全：水洞溝導游講解詞中英文混合版?。ǘ?/h1>
分享 0
2017-07-27
236
今天為大家?guī)淼膶幭?a href="http://www.akneadedcalm.com">銀川旅游攻略大全，從張三小店開始，為大家介紹水洞溝各個景點的具體資料。水洞溝導游講解詞中英文混合版?。ǘ?/p>
編號011 張三小店 Number 011 Zhangsan Tavern
我們看到的這三個栩栩如生的人物雕像，和2011年元宵晚會上與李詠、周濤同臺主持節(jié)目的李詠2都是由同一家公司—即西安超人公司創(chuàng)作的。
Along with Li Yong No. 2 who “hosted” the 2011 CCTV Lantern Festival Show with Li Yong and Zhou Tao (famous host and hostess in CCTV), the three vivid and lifelike figure sculptures we see here are casted by the same company—Xi’an Superman Company.
塑像中看到身材修長的是法國古生物學家德日進，而體態(tài)壯實的這位是博物館學家桑志華，這位提著茶壺、端著茶碗的小伙兒就是小店的主人張三，屋里隱約可見的那位是張三的妻子，名叫“紫怡”，據(jù)說和章子怡長得很像呢。
The tall and slender figure sculpture is the French paleontologist named P.Teilhard de Chardin while the one with strong body is the museologist named E.Licent. The young fellow lifting the teapot and holding the teacup is the owner of the tavern, Zhangsan. The barely visible figure inside the room is Zhangsan’s wife whose name is Ziyi. She is said to resemble Zhang Ziyi (a famous female movie star in China) in looks.
1923年6月11日，桑志華連同他的同窗好友德日進從天津出發(fā)，沿著黃河左岸西行，穿過烏拉山到達水洞溝，住進了“張三小店”，對水洞溝進行了科學考察和發(fā)掘。
On 11th June 1923, E.Licent departed from Tianjin with his schoolmate and friend P.Teilhard de Chardin traveled along the west bank of the Yellow River to the west. They crossed the Wula Mountain, reached Shuidonggou and lived in Zhangsan Tavern. Their purpose was to carry out scientific research and excavation.
當天晚飯后，桑志華和德日進就耐不住內(nèi)心的急迫，沿著溝底往里走，當他們走到與長城并行的一處斷崖時，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)斷崖上有磷火閃現(xiàn)，豐富的考古知識使他們立即判斷出那里一定有尸骨。他們很快返回小店，找到張三，給了他5塊銀元，要了一把大梯子，在夜色中爬到崖上去挖。第一個晚上，他們就挖到了一件動物頭骨化石。后來十幾天的時間里，桑志華和德日進雇當?shù)剞r(nóng)民一共挖出了300多公斤的石核、刮削器、尖狀器等打制石器，由于當時中國身處戰(zhàn)亂年代，無法提供先進、適宜的研究條件，他們將石制品精心編號后，裝入木箱，運回法國進行深入研究。1928年，他們以嚴謹?shù)膶W術(shù)態(tài)度和科學事實向世界宣布：水洞溝遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)掘標志著“中國沒有舊石器時代文化”這一論斷的終結(jié)。水洞溝的此次發(fā)現(xiàn)震驚了歐洲考古界，在此之前，西方學者一直認為中國沒有舊石器時代，也就是說我們的祖先是從西方遷徙而來的。
After finishing the supper on that day, E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin were too anxious to stay and marched along the bottom of the ditch. When reaching a cliff that ran parallel with the Great Wall, they suddenly found phosphorescent light on the cliff. With abundant archaeology knowledge, they immediately sensed the existence of skeleton there. They returned to Zhangsan tavern in a hurry and asked for a big ladder by paying 5 silver dollars to Zhangsan. In darkness, they climbed the cliff and started excavation. On the first night, they had already discovered a skull fossil. In the following dozen days, E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin hired some local farmers to do the excavation and found more than 300 kilos of chipped stone implements such as steinkern，scraping implements, pointed implements and so on. Since China was still in the midst of war then and no advanced and appropriate research conditions could be met, they put the stone implements into wooden box after having elaborate numbering and sent them to France for further research. In 1928, they announced to the world with rigorous academic spirit and scientific fact that the discovery and excavation of Shuidonggou site signified the termination of the inference that “China doesn’t have Paleolithic Age culture”. The discovery of Shuidonggou shocked European archaeological field. Before this, western scholars had deemed that China didn’t have Paleolithic age, which meant that our ancestors were the people who immigrated from the West.
編號012文物出土類型
Number 012 Types of Excavated Cultural Relics
這里向大家展示的是水洞溝出土的古動物化石，從這些展示出來的動物化石可以看出遠古時代動物的體積一般都比較龐大，這是水洞溝出土的大角鹿，這種古鹿的角大得驚人，角面的寬度，通常有2．5米，所以叫它大角鹿，它是遠古水洞溝的主要捕獵對象。
Exhibitions here are the ancient animal fossils unearthed from Shuidonggou which show that the size of the ancient animals were relatively large. This is unearthed megaloceros, the horn of which is such an amazing size with the width of 2.5 meters. That’s why it is called megaloceros. It the major prey of Shuidonggou in ancient times.
腫骨鹿（也稱腫骨大角鹿）、是大角鹿屬的一種。它的個體大小如麋鹿。頭骨和四肢骨也很粗壯。下頜骨有明顯的腫厚現(xiàn)象，因而得名腫骨鹿。
Thick-jawed deer (also known as thick-jawed megaloceros) belongs to the category of megaloceros. Its size is the same as that of the David’s deer. Its skull and four limbs bones are very strong. There is obvious swelling in the lower jawbone, that’s why it’s named thick-jawed deer.
原始牛頭，從這個牛角可以看出，當時的野牛體型龐大，據(jù)專家推算，
若將它還原出來，重量約為2噸，相當于一個未成年小象的重量。
Head of Bos primigenius
Judging from the horn, we can see the body of Bos primigenius is quite huge. According to the calculation by experts, if returned to its original shape, it would weigh as much as 2 tons which is the weight of a under-age small elephant.
普氏野馬體型健碩，體長約2.8米，高1米以上，體重約為300公斤。
The body of Przewalski horse is strong and fit with 2.8 meters in length, over 1 meter in height and approximately 300 kilos in weight.
編號013 水洞溝出土石器展示
Number 013 Exhibition of Stone Implements Unearthed in Shuidonggou
1、勒瓦婁哇石核最早發(fā)現(xiàn)在法國巴黎勒瓦婁哇佩雷，因此取名勒瓦婁哇石核，屬歐洲舊石器中期莫斯特文化，由尼安德特人創(chuàng)造的石器打制技術(shù)，在打制石片之前，將原始石料的石皮剝離，留下石頭內(nèi)部，我們一般稱之為石核，再把石核經(jīng)過精心修理使之一面平整一面隆起，像一個倒置龜甲，這樣的石核產(chǎn)片率很高，一般均在四片以上，形成石片多邊有薄刃，可直接使用。它代表當時世界最先進石器打制技術(shù)。由于水洞溝出土的石器材料與歐洲莫斯特文化基本相似，考古專家對這種地區(qū)相隔遙遠、文化雷同的現(xiàn)象，認為是人類“大距離遷徙的同化影響”,所以把水洞溝出土的這種石器類型直接命名為勒瓦婁哇石核。水洞溝遺址博物館外形就是仿制此石器類型建造的。
1. Levallois steinkern was initially discovered in Levallois-Perret, Paris, France. That’s why it is named Levallois steinkern which belongs to Mousterian culture in the middle Paleolithic age in Europe. It is the stone implement chipping technique created by the Homo neanderthalensis. Before making stone slices, the surface of the raw stones would be peeled off, leaving the internals that are usually named steinkern. The stinkern would be elaborately trimmed so that one side is flat and the other side is swelling outwards, which looks like an up-side-down tortoise shell. Such steikern produces multiple stone slices. On average, over 4 slices could be made with thin edges which can be used directly as implements. It represents the most advanced stone implement chipping technique in the world then. Since the material of stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou are basically similar to those discovered in the European Mousterian culture. Experts believe that such phenomenon of identical culture in two remote areas is the “assimilation impact by human migration over great distance”. Therefore, this type of stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou was directly named as Levallois steinkern. The appearance of Shuidonggou Site Museumwas built by imitating the shape of the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou,
2、尖狀器，這件石器器形端正，一端尖銳，兩邊薄刃對稱，請大家猜一下它的作用，沒錯，它形似箭頭，大一點的尖狀器，可以綁在木頭頂端，用作投擲工具捕殺獵物，小一些可以用來鉆孔它形似箭頭，主要用于制作投擲工具來捕殺獵物。這是水洞溝出土的典型石器之一。
2. Pointed implement. This piece of stone implement is regular in shape. With one end pointed outward, symmetrical thin edges are made on both sides. Can you have a guess at its function? Yes, it looks like an arrowhead. Bigger pointed implement could be tied to the end of a wooden stick and be used as thrown tool hunting prey. Smaller ones could be used for drilling. With the shape similar to arrowhead, it is mainly used as thrown tool for hunting. This is a typical stone implement unearthed in Shuidonggou.
3、刮削器是切割、刮、削工具，一般用于切割肉類、獸皮、分割動物肢體、谷物的根莖，也用于截斷、修理中小木棒等工具，是打制石器中最常見的工具，類似與現(xiàn)在的刀具。
3. Scraping implement is used for cutting, shaving and peeling. It is usually used for cutting meat, hide, animal bodies, and rootstock of grains. It is also used to break and trim middle-sized and small wooden stick etc. It is the mostly commonly seen tool among chipped stone implements, which is similar to the knives used today.
4、磨盤，水洞溝古人生活年代上至三萬年，下至一萬年，不僅經(jīng)歷了舊石器時代晚期，而且也包含新石器時代，新舊石器時代最大的區(qū)別在于石器制作方式的不同，舊石器以打制為主，我們剛剛看到的尖狀器即為打制石器，新石器時代以磨制為主，那么大家看到的這件磨盤，就是新時期時代的工具了，它更加能夠體現(xiàn)人類的主觀能動性，以自己的需求磨制出理想的器形，這也是人類在不斷的勞動過程中逐漸變得更加聰明的有力證據(jù)。
4. Millstone. Ancient Shuidonggou people lived as early as 30,000 years ago and as late as 10,000 years ago. Not only did they live the Palaeolithic age but also the Neolithic Age. The biggest difference between the two Ages lies in the means of making stone implements. Stone implements made in the Palaeolithic age are mainly the chipped ones. The pointed stone implement we saw a moment ago is a chipped stone implement. While the stone implements made in the Neolithic Age are mainly ground ones. The millstone in front of us belongs to the implement made in the Neolithic Age. It embodies the subjective initiative of human beings to a broader extent. Polishing the desired shape of implement as per one’s needs has been strong evidence that human beings grow smarter during the process of continuous working.
我們在前面曾提醒大家注意比較一下水洞溝出土的石器的形狀和中國其他遺址出土的石器的區(qū)別：我們仔細看一下，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，水洞溝出土的石器比較規(guī)整精細，尤其是石葉石器，長薄規(guī)整，這也充分說明了水洞溝人當時，使用著世界最先進的石器，這是我國迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他舊石器時代古人類所不能比擬的。
In the previous part of our visit, we have called your attention to compare and observe the difference between the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou and the ones unearthed in other sites of China. If we have a closer look, we would find that the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou are more neat and meticulous. The blade stone implements are especially featured by its long, thin and neat shape, which fully demonstrate that the ancient Shuidonggou people use the most advanced stone implements. This is beyond compare by other ancient people in Palaeolithic age discovered in our country so far.
編號014 裝飾品
Number 014 Ornaments
水洞溝考古發(fā)掘出土的環(huán)狀裝飾品共有69件。用骨片和鴕鳥蛋皮制成的精美環(huán)狀裝飾品，是迄今我國發(fā)現(xiàn)年代最早的批量生產(chǎn)的磨制工藝品，其精美程度為我國舊石器文化中所僅見，極大地豐富了水洞溝的文化內(nèi)涵，為研究當時人類生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平、技術(shù)演化、藝術(shù)品加工使用情況及其行為模式和審美能力提供了重要資料。
There are 60 ring shape ornaments unearthed in Shuidonggou. Exquisite ring shape ornaments made by bone pieces and ostrich eggshells are the earliest polished handicrafts in batch process in our country so far. They are the most exquisite handicrafts ever discovered in the Palaeolithic age of our country, which greatly enrich the cultural deposits of Shuidonggou and provide important materials for research into the level of productivity, evolution of technique, the condition of making and using handicraft, as well as behavioral pattern and aesthetic judgment at that time.
編號015 一號遺址發(fā)掘點剖面
Number 015 Section of Excavation Site No.1
這里是一號考古發(fā)掘點剖面，前四次考古發(fā)掘都在一號點進行，共清理出的石制品和動物化石近萬件，如此密集的分布地點，可能有三種原因，一是水洞溝人在這里生活的時間很長，因此留下了很多的生活用具，二是水洞溝人生產(chǎn)技術(shù)達到舊石器晚期最高水平，當時已經(jīng)開始批量生產(chǎn)工具。三是水洞溝人來此之前的很長時間，還有其他人在這里生活過。我們形象的把它稱之為“石器加工廠”。中間凹槽以上為新石器時代遺存，之下為舊石器時代遺存，說明水洞溝包含兩個時代的歷史遺存。
Here we come to the section of excavation site No. 1. The first four archaeological excavations were done here and almost 10 thousand pieces of stoneware and animal fossils were discover. There are three possible reasons for such intensive distribution of relics: First, ancient people had lived in Shuidonggou for quite a long time so that many life utensils were left here. Second, ancient people living in Shuidonggou had attained the highest level of the late Palaeolithic age in terms of production technique and had started volume production of implements. Third, there had been other people living here before the Shuidonggou ancient people. We vividly call it “stone implements fabrication plant”. Above the trough located in the middle is relic of the Neolithic Age and below the trough is relic of the Palaeolithic age, which proves that Shuidonggou includes historical relics of two ages.
編號016部分石器的功能及演變
Number 016 Function of Some Stone Implements and Their Evolution
隨著人類的進化和生產(chǎn)力的進一步發(fā)展，人類使用的工具越來越先進，但是，也許有許多人想象不到我們現(xiàn)在使用的工具，它們最初都是由石器工具演變而來的，下面我們就通過展柜來了解一下工具的演變過程:
Along the further development of human evolution and productivity, implements used by human beings got more and more advanced. Maybe it is beyond many people’s imagination that the implements used by us now are initially developed from stone implements. Now we would have some knowledge about the development of implements through the display window.
一號展柜中展示的是從水洞溝出土的打制的尖狀器到磨制石矛，最后成為現(xiàn)代的金屬矛頭或箭頭演變過程，
The display window No. 1 reveals the evolution process of modern metal spearhead or arrowhead developed from the chipped pointed-implement to polished stone spear unearthed in Shuidonggou.
二號展柜中展示的是從水洞溝出土的打制刮削器到磨制石刀，最后發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代的金屬刀的演變軌跡；
The display window No. 2 shows us the chipped scraping implement to polished stone knife and the trace of development of modern metal knife.
三號展柜是從打制的砍砸器到磨制石斧至現(xiàn)代金屬斧的演變；
The display window No. 3 illustrates the evolution process from chipped chopping implement to polished stone axe to modern metal axe.
四號展柜是從打制的鋸齒刃器工具到磨制的石鋸，最后發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代金屬鋸的演變。
The display window No. 4 exhibits the evolution process from chipped jagged-edge implement to polished stone saw, and the final development of modern metal saw.
編號017 燒石
Number017 Cooking Stone
在陶器產(chǎn)生之前，人們將動物的胃切下作為容器來使用，在其中注滿水，加入動物肉或是草籽等，再從河床上撿拾大小相當、材質(zhì)適宜的石頭，稱為燒石，將燒石在陽光下暴曬或在火里進行加熱后投入胃中，反復此過程，直到生食變?yōu)槭焓?。在水洞?2號地點的燒石是首次確認并得以論證的古人類間接用火、掌握“石烹法”的證據(jù)，對古人類用火的歷史研究具有里程牌的意義。
Before the invention of earthenware, people would cut off the stomach of animals and use it as container. Water was filled in the stomach with animal meat or grass seeds etc. They would then pick stones of the same size and material on the riverbed to be used as “cooking stone”. The stones were placed under the blazing sun for quite a long time or heated over fire and would then be put into the stomach. Such practice would be repeated until the uncooked food became prepared food. The cooking stones unearthed at excavation site No. 12 in Shuidonggou was the first evidence confirming and proving that the ancient people used the indirect fire and mastered “stone cooking method”, which stands out as the landmark of historical research into use of fire by the ancient people.
編號018 水洞溝遺址發(fā)掘成果
Number 018 Excavation Achievement in Shuidonggou Site
經(jīng)過五次系統(tǒng)考古發(fā)掘，發(fā)掘成果可謂豐碩，已成為中國舊石器遺址中材料最豐富多彩、最多樣化的遺址有：石制品-打制和磨制，小石片石器、石葉、細石器制品；骨制品；裝飾品；紡輪；陶器；動物化石；用火遺跡，其中構(gòu)成水洞溝文化基礎(chǔ)的主要石制品，其工具及石器制作修理技術(shù)，可以和歐洲、西亞、北非的莫斯特、奧瑞納時期人類棲居地的石器相媲美。尤其是出土的大量勒瓦婁哇石核和勒瓦婁瓦石片工具，與歐洲相當古老的莫斯特文化接近。
After 5 systematic archaeological excavations, plenty of relics have been found. The most colorful and diversified relics in Chinese Palaeolithic age are: stone implements—chipped ones and polished ones, small stone slices, blade stone implements, thin stone implements, bone wares, ornaments, spinning wheels, potteries, animal fossils and historical remains of fire use. Among which, the fabrication and trimming technique for the major stone implements that constitute the cultural foundation of Shuidonggou can compare favorably with the stone implements discovered in the Mousterian and Aurignacian human habitats in Europe, West Asia and North Africa. The Levallois steinkern and Levallois stone slice implements unearthed in great numbers are close to the ancient Mousterian culture in Europe.
法國考古泰斗步日耶指出在水洞溝出土的石核和以長薄規(guī)整的石葉為標志的材料“可以同歐洲、西亞和北非已演變的莫斯特人類棲息地的材料相提并論，好像是處在很發(fā)達的莫斯特文化和正在成長的奧瑞納文化之間。”中國考古泰斗劉東生院士則作為帶有文學色彩的論斷：“在水洞溝這個地處橫貫歐亞大陸的黃土地帶東端的遺址所遇到的具有與歐洲風格相似的舊石器文化，是東西方文化碰撞所迸發(fā)出的火花。這是水洞溝區(qū)別與中國其他舊石器遺址的地方。也是水洞溝文化中“外來說”和“本土來源”的爭論中“外來說”占據(jù)主導地位的理論基礎(chǔ)。
A French leading authority in archaeology, H.Breuil, indicated that the material of skeintern and the blade stone implement signified by its long, thin and regular shape unearthed in Shuidonggou “can be mentioned in the same breath with the material developed in Mousterian habitats in Europe, West and North Africa.” Liu Dongsheng, the master and academician in Chinese archaeology presented a judgment with literary flavor: “The Paleolith culture found in the East part of the yellow land zone traversing Eurasia wher Shuidonggou site is located shows a similar style to that of the Europe. It is the spark generated in cultural collision between the East culture and the West culture, which makes it a distinction between Shuidonggou and other Palaeolithic age sites. It is also the theoretical basis for ‘external migration’ assumption taking the lead in the debate over ‘foreign migration’ or ‘domestic origin’.”
編號019 水洞溝遺址研究
Number 019 Research into the Shuidonggou Site
水洞溝1919年被比利時神父肯特偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)， 1923年，由法國二位古生物學家德日進和桑志華正式對水洞溝遺址進行考古發(fā)掘，最后形成了水洞溝考古報告—《中國的舊石器》，并于1928年正式公布，水洞溝遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)掘標志著“中國沒有舊石器時代文化”這一論斷的終結(jié)。這份報告也讓世界考古界震驚，水洞溝的發(fā)現(xiàn)，在世界上引起巨大的轟動，引起考古學界的極大興趣，水洞溝成為了一個時代的標志和一種文化的象征。近百年來，經(jīng)過中外很多考古學家、地質(zhì)學家、古生物學家先后5次系統(tǒng)的考古發(fā)掘和研究，出土了5萬多件石器和300多件動物化石，吸引了大批的專家和學者的研究和關(guān)注，僅 “2003年水洞溝遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)80周年國際古人類學術(shù)討論會”， “2011年水洞溝遺址發(fā)掘88周年學術(shù)研討會”，“2013年水洞溝遺址發(fā)掘90周年研討會”每次就有上百名中外人類學家、考古學家和地質(zhì)學家齊聚水洞溝參加學術(shù)討論。中外學者在探討遠古文化時都要對她濃描細繪，大學考古講義乃至中學歷史教科書都對她不惜筆墨。中國最高科技獎獲得者劉東生院士、著名人類學家吳新智、考古學家張淼水、呂遵諤等先生均參與過水洞溝遺址的研究，并留下研究成果，如此受到名流大家和眾多業(yè)內(nèi)外人士的關(guān)注，中國的古人類遺址中，僅有周口店和泥河灣可以與之媲美。
In 1919, a Belgium priest named Kent happened to discover Shuidonggou. In 1924, two French paleontologists E.Licent P.Teilhard de Chardin and E.Licent officially carried out the archaeological excavation in Shuidonggou and finally wrote up a archaeology report on Shuidonggou—“Chinese Paleolith” which was officially published in 1928. The discovery and excavation of Shuidonggou site signified the termination of the inference that “China doesn’t have Paleolithic Age culture”. This report also shocked the world archaeology field. The discovery of Shuidonggou caused a sensation all over the world and aroused great interest in the field of archaeology. Shuidonggou has become the sign of an era and a cultural symbol. In recent dozens of years, 5 systematic archaeological excavation and research has been done successively by many archaeologists, geologist and paleontologists. More than 50, 000 pieces of stone implements and over 300 animal fossils were discovered, which has drawn the research and attention of numerous experts and scholars. Each time when the “2003 International Ancient Humans Academic Colloquium—80th Anniversary for the Discovery of Shuidonggou Site”, “2011 Academic Seminar—88th Anniversary for the Excavation of Shuidonggou Site” and “2013 Academic Seminar—90th Anniversary for the Excavation of Shuidonggou Site” were held, more than 100 Chinese and foreign anthropologists, archaeologist and geologists gathered in Shuidonggou for discussion. Chinese and foreign scholars would describe Shuidonggou in details when discussing the culture of the remote antiquity. Archaeology lecture notes used in universities and even the history textbooks used in middle schools would spend more words than necessary for description. Liu Dongsheng, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as winner of State Pre-eminent Science and Technology Award, Wu Xinzhi, the famous anthropologist, Zhang Miaoshui and Lv Zune, famous archaeologists have taken part in the research into Shuidonggou Site and left some research findings. In all the ancient human sites, only Zhoukoudian and Heniwan have enjoyed the same attention paid by so many celebrities and numerous people both inside and outside the field.
編號020 體驗區(qū)
Number 020 Experience Area
眼前是下沉式動感體驗區(qū)，大家可以穿越時光，進入三萬年，實景體驗原始人的生產(chǎn)、生活和災(zāi)難來臨時的震撼場景，由于場面比較逼真，為了您的安全，有高血壓、心臟病的游客請留在地震平臺外感受，其它朋友請上平臺進行體驗。
What we see in front of us is the subsided dynamic experience area. Here you can travel through time back to 30,000 years ago and have a live-action experience of the production and life of the primitive people, as well as the shocking scenes when hit by disasters. Since the scene is quite lifelike, for safety concern, visitors with high blood pressure or heart disease should experience only outside the earthquake platform and other visitors can step onto the platform for a thrilling experience.
水洞溝導游講解詞中英文混合版還有兩篇后續(xù)更新，歡迎大家繼續(xù)關(guān)注水洞溝官網(wǎng)寧夏銀川旅游攻略。
更多>同類旅游資訊
2017-07-27
236今天為大家?guī)淼膶幭?a href="http://www.akneadedcalm.com">銀川旅游攻略大全，從張三小店開始，為大家介紹水洞溝各個景點的具體資料。水洞溝導游講解詞中英文混合版?。ǘ?/p>
編號011 張三小店 Number 011 Zhangsan Tavern
我們看到的這三個栩栩如生的人物雕像，和2011年元宵晚會上與李詠、周濤同臺主持節(jié)目的李詠2都是由同一家公司—即西安超人公司創(chuàng)作的。
Along with Li Yong No. 2 who “hosted” the 2011 CCTV Lantern Festival Show with Li Yong and Zhou Tao (famous host and hostess in CCTV), the three vivid and lifelike figure sculptures we see here are casted by the same company—Xi’an Superman Company.
塑像中看到身材修長的是法國古生物學家德日進，而體態(tài)壯實的這位是博物館學家桑志華，這位提著茶壺、端著茶碗的小伙兒就是小店的主人張三，屋里隱約可見的那位是張三的妻子，名叫“紫怡”，據(jù)說和章子怡長得很像呢。
The tall and slender figure sculpture is the French paleontologist named P.Teilhard de Chardin while the one with strong body is the museologist named E.Licent. The young fellow lifting the teapot and holding the teacup is the owner of the tavern, Zhangsan. The barely visible figure inside the room is Zhangsan’s wife whose name is Ziyi. She is said to resemble Zhang Ziyi (a famous female movie star in China) in looks.
1923年6月11日，桑志華連同他的同窗好友德日進從天津出發(fā)，沿著黃河左岸西行，穿過烏拉山到達水洞溝，住進了“張三小店”，對水洞溝進行了科學考察和發(fā)掘。
On 11th June 1923, E.Licent departed from Tianjin with his schoolmate and friend P.Teilhard de Chardin traveled along the west bank of the Yellow River to the west. They crossed the Wula Mountain, reached Shuidonggou and lived in Zhangsan Tavern. Their purpose was to carry out scientific research and excavation.
當天晚飯后，桑志華和德日進就耐不住內(nèi)心的急迫，沿著溝底往里走，當他們走到與長城并行的一處斷崖時，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)斷崖上有磷火閃現(xiàn)，豐富的考古知識使他們立即判斷出那里一定有尸骨。他們很快返回小店，找到張三，給了他5塊銀元，要了一把大梯子，在夜色中爬到崖上去挖。第一個晚上，他們就挖到了一件動物頭骨化石。后來十幾天的時間里，桑志華和德日進雇當?shù)剞r(nóng)民一共挖出了300多公斤的石核、刮削器、尖狀器等打制石器，由于當時中國身處戰(zhàn)亂年代，無法提供先進、適宜的研究條件，他們將石制品精心編號后，裝入木箱，運回法國進行深入研究。1928年，他們以嚴謹?shù)膶W術(shù)態(tài)度和科學事實向世界宣布：水洞溝遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)掘標志著“中國沒有舊石器時代文化”這一論斷的終結(jié)。水洞溝的此次發(fā)現(xiàn)震驚了歐洲考古界，在此之前，西方學者一直認為中國沒有舊石器時代，也就是說我們的祖先是從西方遷徙而來的。
After finishing the supper on that day, E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin were too anxious to stay and marched along the bottom of the ditch. When reaching a cliff that ran parallel with the Great Wall, they suddenly found phosphorescent light on the cliff. With abundant archaeology knowledge, they immediately sensed the existence of skeleton there. They returned to Zhangsan tavern in a hurry and asked for a big ladder by paying 5 silver dollars to Zhangsan. In darkness, they climbed the cliff and started excavation. On the first night, they had already discovered a skull fossil. In the following dozen days, E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin hired some local farmers to do the excavation and found more than 300 kilos of chipped stone implements such as steinkern，scraping implements, pointed implements and so on. Since China was still in the midst of war then and no advanced and appropriate research conditions could be met, they put the stone implements into wooden box after having elaborate numbering and sent them to France for further research. In 1928, they announced to the world with rigorous academic spirit and scientific fact that the discovery and excavation of Shuidonggou site signified the termination of the inference that “China doesn’t have Paleolithic Age culture”. The discovery of Shuidonggou shocked European archaeological field. Before this, western scholars had deemed that China didn’t have Paleolithic age, which meant that our ancestors were the people who immigrated from the West.
編號012文物出土類型
Number 012 Types of Excavated Cultural Relics
這里向大家展示的是水洞溝出土的古動物化石，從這些展示出來的動物化石可以看出遠古時代動物的體積一般都比較龐大，這是水洞溝出土的大角鹿，這種古鹿的角大得驚人，角面的寬度，通常有2．5米，所以叫它大角鹿，它是遠古水洞溝的主要捕獵對象。
Exhibitions here are the ancient animal fossils unearthed from Shuidonggou which show that the size of the ancient animals were relatively large. This is unearthed megaloceros, the horn of which is such an amazing size with the width of 2.5 meters. That’s why it is called megaloceros. It the major prey of Shuidonggou in ancient times.
腫骨鹿（也稱腫骨大角鹿）、是大角鹿屬的一種。它的個體大小如麋鹿。頭骨和四肢骨也很粗壯。下頜骨有明顯的腫厚現(xiàn)象，因而得名腫骨鹿。
Thick-jawed deer (also known as thick-jawed megaloceros) belongs to the category of megaloceros. Its size is the same as that of the David’s deer. Its skull and four limbs bones are very strong. There is obvious swelling in the lower jawbone, that’s why it’s named thick-jawed deer.
原始牛頭，從這個牛角可以看出，當時的野牛體型龐大，據(jù)專家推算，
若將它還原出來，重量約為2噸，相當于一個未成年小象的重量。
Head of Bos primigenius
Judging from the horn, we can see the body of Bos primigenius is quite huge. According to the calculation by experts, if returned to its original shape, it would weigh as much as 2 tons which is the weight of a under-age small elephant.
普氏野馬體型健碩，體長約2.8米，高1米以上，體重約為300公斤。
The body of Przewalski horse is strong and fit with 2.8 meters in length, over 1 meter in height and approximately 300 kilos in weight.
編號013 水洞溝出土石器展示
Number 013 Exhibition of Stone Implements Unearthed in Shuidonggou
1、勒瓦婁哇石核最早發(fā)現(xiàn)在法國巴黎勒瓦婁哇佩雷，因此取名勒瓦婁哇石核，屬歐洲舊石器中期莫斯特文化，由尼安德特人創(chuàng)造的石器打制技術(shù)，在打制石片之前，將原始石料的石皮剝離，留下石頭內(nèi)部，我們一般稱之為石核，再把石核經(jīng)過精心修理使之一面平整一面隆起，像一個倒置龜甲，這樣的石核產(chǎn)片率很高，一般均在四片以上，形成石片多邊有薄刃，可直接使用。它代表當時世界最先進石器打制技術(shù)。由于水洞溝出土的石器材料與歐洲莫斯特文化基本相似，考古專家對這種地區(qū)相隔遙遠、文化雷同的現(xiàn)象，認為是人類“大距離遷徙的同化影響”,所以把水洞溝出土的這種石器類型直接命名為勒瓦婁哇石核。水洞溝遺址博物館外形就是仿制此石器類型建造的。
1. Levallois steinkern was initially discovered in Levallois-Perret, Paris, France. That’s why it is named Levallois steinkern which belongs to Mousterian culture in the middle Paleolithic age in Europe. It is the stone implement chipping technique created by the Homo neanderthalensis. Before making stone slices, the surface of the raw stones would be peeled off, leaving the internals that are usually named steinkern. The stinkern would be elaborately trimmed so that one side is flat and the other side is swelling outwards, which looks like an up-side-down tortoise shell. Such steikern produces multiple stone slices. On average, over 4 slices could be made with thin edges which can be used directly as implements. It represents the most advanced stone implement chipping technique in the world then. Since the material of stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou are basically similar to those discovered in the European Mousterian culture. Experts believe that such phenomenon of identical culture in two remote areas is the “assimilation impact by human migration over great distance”. Therefore, this type of stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou was directly named as Levallois steinkern. The appearance of Shuidonggou Site Museumwas built by imitating the shape of the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou,
2、尖狀器，這件石器器形端正，一端尖銳，兩邊薄刃對稱，請大家猜一下它的作用，沒錯，它形似箭頭，大一點的尖狀器，可以綁在木頭頂端，用作投擲工具捕殺獵物，小一些可以用來鉆孔它形似箭頭，主要用于制作投擲工具來捕殺獵物。這是水洞溝出土的典型石器之一。
2. Pointed implement. This piece of stone implement is regular in shape. With one end pointed outward, symmetrical thin edges are made on both sides. Can you have a guess at its function? Yes, it looks like an arrowhead. Bigger pointed implement could be tied to the end of a wooden stick and be used as thrown tool hunting prey. Smaller ones could be used for drilling. With the shape similar to arrowhead, it is mainly used as thrown tool for hunting. This is a typical stone implement unearthed in Shuidonggou.
3、刮削器是切割、刮、削工具，一般用于切割肉類、獸皮、分割動物肢體、谷物的根莖，也用于截斷、修理中小木棒等工具，是打制石器中最常見的工具，類似與現(xiàn)在的刀具。
3. Scraping implement is used for cutting, shaving and peeling. It is usually used for cutting meat, hide, animal bodies, and rootstock of grains. It is also used to break and trim middle-sized and small wooden stick etc. It is the mostly commonly seen tool among chipped stone implements, which is similar to the knives used today.
4、磨盤，水洞溝古人生活年代上至三萬年，下至一萬年，不僅經(jīng)歷了舊石器時代晚期，而且也包含新石器時代，新舊石器時代最大的區(qū)別在于石器制作方式的不同，舊石器以打制為主，我們剛剛看到的尖狀器即為打制石器，新石器時代以磨制為主，那么大家看到的這件磨盤，就是新時期時代的工具了，它更加能夠體現(xiàn)人類的主觀能動性，以自己的需求磨制出理想的器形，這也是人類在不斷的勞動過程中逐漸變得更加聰明的有力證據(jù)。
4. Millstone. Ancient Shuidonggou people lived as early as 30,000 years ago and as late as 10,000 years ago. Not only did they live the Palaeolithic age but also the Neolithic Age. The biggest difference between the two Ages lies in the means of making stone implements. Stone implements made in the Palaeolithic age are mainly the chipped ones. The pointed stone implement we saw a moment ago is a chipped stone implement. While the stone implements made in the Neolithic Age are mainly ground ones. The millstone in front of us belongs to the implement made in the Neolithic Age. It embodies the subjective initiative of human beings to a broader extent. Polishing the desired shape of implement as per one’s needs has been strong evidence that human beings grow smarter during the process of continuous working.
我們在前面曾提醒大家注意比較一下水洞溝出土的石器的形狀和中國其他遺址出土的石器的區(qū)別：我們仔細看一下，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，水洞溝出土的石器比較規(guī)整精細，尤其是石葉石器，長薄規(guī)整，這也充分說明了水洞溝人當時，使用著世界最先進的石器，這是我國迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他舊石器時代古人類所不能比擬的。
In the previous part of our visit, we have called your attention to compare and observe the difference between the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou and the ones unearthed in other sites of China. If we have a closer look, we would find that the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou are more neat and meticulous. The blade stone implements are especially featured by its long, thin and neat shape, which fully demonstrate that the ancient Shuidonggou people use the most advanced stone implements. This is beyond compare by other ancient people in Palaeolithic age discovered in our country so far.
編號014 裝飾品
Number 014 Ornaments
水洞溝考古發(fā)掘出土的環(huán)狀裝飾品共有69件。用骨片和鴕鳥蛋皮制成的精美環(huán)狀裝飾品，是迄今我國發(fā)現(xiàn)年代最早的批量生產(chǎn)的磨制工藝品，其精美程度為我國舊石器文化中所僅見，極大地豐富了水洞溝的文化內(nèi)涵，為研究當時人類生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平、技術(shù)演化、藝術(shù)品加工使用情況及其行為模式和審美能力提供了重要資料。
There are 60 ring shape ornaments unearthed in Shuidonggou. Exquisite ring shape ornaments made by bone pieces and ostrich eggshells are the earliest polished handicrafts in batch process in our country so far. They are the most exquisite handicrafts ever discovered in the Palaeolithic age of our country, which greatly enrich the cultural deposits of Shuidonggou and provide important materials for research into the level of productivity, evolution of technique, the condition of making and using handicraft, as well as behavioral pattern and aesthetic judgment at that time.
編號015 一號遺址發(fā)掘點剖面
Number 015 Section of Excavation Site No.1
這里是一號考古發(fā)掘點剖面，前四次考古發(fā)掘都在一號點進行，共清理出的石制品和動物化石近萬件，如此密集的分布地點，可能有三種原因，一是水洞溝人在這里生活的時間很長，因此留下了很多的生活用具，二是水洞溝人生產(chǎn)技術(shù)達到舊石器晚期最高水平，當時已經(jīng)開始批量生產(chǎn)工具。三是水洞溝人來此之前的很長時間，還有其他人在這里生活過。我們形象的把它稱之為“石器加工廠”。中間凹槽以上為新石器時代遺存，之下為舊石器時代遺存，說明水洞溝包含兩個時代的歷史遺存。
Here we come to the section of excavation site No. 1. The first four archaeological excavations were done here and almost 10 thousand pieces of stoneware and animal fossils were discover. There are three possible reasons for such intensive distribution of relics: First, ancient people had lived in Shuidonggou for quite a long time so that many life utensils were left here. Second, ancient people living in Shuidonggou had attained the highest level of the late Palaeolithic age in terms of production technique and had started volume production of implements. Third, there had been other people living here before the Shuidonggou ancient people. We vividly call it “stone implements fabrication plant”. Above the trough located in the middle is relic of the Neolithic Age and below the trough is relic of the Palaeolithic age, which proves that Shuidonggou includes historical relics of two ages.
編號016部分石器的功能及演變
Number 016 Function of Some Stone Implements and Their Evolution
隨著人類的進化和生產(chǎn)力的進一步發(fā)展，人類使用的工具越來越先進，但是，也許有許多人想象不到我們現(xiàn)在使用的工具，它們最初都是由石器工具演變而來的，下面我們就通過展柜來了解一下工具的演變過程:
Along the further development of human evolution and productivity, implements used by human beings got more and more advanced. Maybe it is beyond many people’s imagination that the implements used by us now are initially developed from stone implements. Now we would have some knowledge about the development of implements through the display window.
一號展柜中展示的是從水洞溝出土的打制的尖狀器到磨制石矛，最后成為現(xiàn)代的金屬矛頭或箭頭演變過程，
The display window No. 1 reveals the evolution process of modern metal spearhead or arrowhead developed from the chipped pointed-implement to polished stone spear unearthed in Shuidonggou.
二號展柜中展示的是從水洞溝出土的打制刮削器到磨制石刀，最后發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代的金屬刀的演變軌跡；
The display window No. 2 shows us the chipped scraping implement to polished stone knife and the trace of development of modern metal knife.
三號展柜是從打制的砍砸器到磨制石斧至現(xiàn)代金屬斧的演變；
The display window No. 3 illustrates the evolution process from chipped chopping implement to polished stone axe to modern metal axe.
四號展柜是從打制的鋸齒刃器工具到磨制的石鋸，最后發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代金屬鋸的演變。
The display window No. 4 exhibits the evolution process from chipped jagged-edge implement to polished stone saw, and the final development of modern metal saw.
編號017 燒石
Number017 Cooking Stone
在陶器產(chǎn)生之前，人們將動物的胃切下作為容器來使用，在其中注滿水，加入動物肉或是草籽等，再從河床上撿拾大小相當、材質(zhì)適宜的石頭，稱為燒石，將燒石在陽光下暴曬或在火里進行加熱后投入胃中，反復此過程，直到生食變?yōu)槭焓?。在水洞?2號地點的燒石是首次確認并得以論證的古人類間接用火、掌握“石烹法”的證據(jù)，對古人類用火的歷史研究具有里程牌的意義。
Before the invention of earthenware, people would cut off the stomach of animals and use it as container. Water was filled in the stomach with animal meat or grass seeds etc. They would then pick stones of the same size and material on the riverbed to be used as “cooking stone”. The stones were placed under the blazing sun for quite a long time or heated over fire and would then be put into the stomach. Such practice would be repeated until the uncooked food became prepared food. The cooking stones unearthed at excavation site No. 12 in Shuidonggou was the first evidence confirming and proving that the ancient people used the indirect fire and mastered “stone cooking method”, which stands out as the landmark of historical research into use of fire by the ancient people.
編號018 水洞溝遺址發(fā)掘成果
Number 018 Excavation Achievement in Shuidonggou Site
經(jīng)過五次系統(tǒng)考古發(fā)掘，發(fā)掘成果可謂豐碩，已成為中國舊石器遺址中材料最豐富多彩、最多樣化的遺址有：石制品-打制和磨制，小石片石器、石葉、細石器制品；骨制品；裝飾品；紡輪；陶器；動物化石；用火遺跡，其中構(gòu)成水洞溝文化基礎(chǔ)的主要石制品，其工具及石器制作修理技術(shù)，可以和歐洲、西亞、北非的莫斯特、奧瑞納時期人類棲居地的石器相媲美。尤其是出土的大量勒瓦婁哇石核和勒瓦婁瓦石片工具，與歐洲相當古老的莫斯特文化接近。
After 5 systematic archaeological excavations, plenty of relics have been found. The most colorful and diversified relics in Chinese Palaeolithic age are: stone implements—chipped ones and polished ones, small stone slices, blade stone implements, thin stone implements, bone wares, ornaments, spinning wheels, potteries, animal fossils and historical remains of fire use. Among which, the fabrication and trimming technique for the major stone implements that constitute the cultural foundation of Shuidonggou can compare favorably with the stone implements discovered in the Mousterian and Aurignacian human habitats in Europe, West Asia and North Africa. The Levallois steinkern and Levallois stone slice implements unearthed in great numbers are close to the ancient Mousterian culture in Europe.
法國考古泰斗步日耶指出在水洞溝出土的石核和以長薄規(guī)整的石葉為標志的材料“可以同歐洲、西亞和北非已演變的莫斯特人類棲息地的材料相提并論，好像是處在很發(fā)達的莫斯特文化和正在成長的奧瑞納文化之間。”中國考古泰斗劉東生院士則作為帶有文學色彩的論斷：“在水洞溝這個地處橫貫歐亞大陸的黃土地帶東端的遺址所遇到的具有與歐洲風格相似的舊石器文化，是東西方文化碰撞所迸發(fā)出的火花。這是水洞溝區(qū)別與中國其他舊石器遺址的地方。也是水洞溝文化中“外來說”和“本土來源”的爭論中“外來說”占據(jù)主導地位的理論基礎(chǔ)。
A French leading authority in archaeology, H.Breuil, indicated that the material of skeintern and the blade stone implement signified by its long, thin and regular shape unearthed in Shuidonggou “can be mentioned in the same breath with the material developed in Mousterian habitats in Europe, West and North Africa.” Liu Dongsheng, the master and academician in Chinese archaeology presented a judgment with literary flavor: “The Paleolith culture found in the East part of the yellow land zone traversing Eurasia wher Shuidonggou site is located shows a similar style to that of the Europe. It is the spark generated in cultural collision between the East culture and the West culture, which makes it a distinction between Shuidonggou and other Palaeolithic age sites. It is also the theoretical basis for ‘external migration’ assumption taking the lead in the debate over ‘foreign migration’ or ‘domestic origin’.”
編號019 水洞溝遺址研究
Number 019 Research into the Shuidonggou Site
水洞溝1919年被比利時神父肯特偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)， 1923年，由法國二位古生物學家德日進和桑志華正式對水洞溝遺址進行考古發(fā)掘，最后形成了水洞溝考古報告—《中國的舊石器》，并于1928年正式公布，水洞溝遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)掘標志著“中國沒有舊石器時代文化”這一論斷的終結(jié)。這份報告也讓世界考古界震驚，水洞溝的發(fā)現(xiàn)，在世界上引起巨大的轟動，引起考古學界的極大興趣，水洞溝成為了一個時代的標志和一種文化的象征。近百年來，經(jīng)過中外很多考古學家、地質(zhì)學家、古生物學家先后5次系統(tǒng)的考古發(fā)掘和研究，出土了5萬多件石器和300多件動物化石，吸引了大批的專家和學者的研究和關(guān)注，僅 “2003年水洞溝遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)80周年國際古人類學術(shù)討論會”， “2011年水洞溝遺址發(fā)掘88周年學術(shù)研討會”，“2013年水洞溝遺址發(fā)掘90周年研討會”每次就有上百名中外人類學家、考古學家和地質(zhì)學家齊聚水洞溝參加學術(shù)討論。中外學者在探討遠古文化時都要對她濃描細繪，大學考古講義乃至中學歷史教科書都對她不惜筆墨。中國最高科技獎獲得者劉東生院士、著名人類學家吳新智、考古學家張淼水、呂遵諤等先生均參與過水洞溝遺址的研究，并留下研究成果，如此受到名流大家和眾多業(yè)內(nèi)外人士的關(guān)注，中國的古人類遺址中，僅有周口店和泥河灣可以與之媲美。
In 1919, a Belgium priest named Kent happened to discover Shuidonggou. In 1924, two French paleontologists E.Licent P.Teilhard de Chardin and E.Licent officially carried out the archaeological excavation in Shuidonggou and finally wrote up a archaeology report on Shuidonggou—“Chinese Paleolith” which was officially published in 1928. The discovery and excavation of Shuidonggou site signified the termination of the inference that “China doesn’t have Paleolithic Age culture”. This report also shocked the world archaeology field. The discovery of Shuidonggou caused a sensation all over the world and aroused great interest in the field of archaeology. Shuidonggou has become the sign of an era and a cultural symbol. In recent dozens of years, 5 systematic archaeological excavation and research has been done successively by many archaeologists, geologist and paleontologists. More than 50, 000 pieces of stone implements and over 300 animal fossils were discovered, which has drawn the research and attention of numerous experts and scholars. Each time when the “2003 International Ancient Humans Academic Colloquium—80th Anniversary for the Discovery of Shuidonggou Site”, “2011 Academic Seminar—88th Anniversary for the Excavation of Shuidonggou Site” and “2013 Academic Seminar—90th Anniversary for the Excavation of Shuidonggou Site” were held, more than 100 Chinese and foreign anthropologists, archaeologist and geologists gathered in Shuidonggou for discussion. Chinese and foreign scholars would describe Shuidonggou in details when discussing the culture of the remote antiquity. Archaeology lecture notes used in universities and even the history textbooks used in middle schools would spend more words than necessary for description. Liu Dongsheng, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as winner of State Pre-eminent Science and Technology Award, Wu Xinzhi, the famous anthropologist, Zhang Miaoshui and Lv Zune, famous archaeologists have taken part in the research into Shuidonggou Site and left some research findings. In all the ancient human sites, only Zhoukoudian and Heniwan have enjoyed the same attention paid by so many celebrities and numerous people both inside and outside the field.
編號020 體驗區(qū)
Number 020 Experience Area
眼前是下沉式動感體驗區(qū)，大家可以穿越時光，進入三萬年，實景體驗原始人的生產(chǎn)、生活和災(zāi)難來臨時的震撼場景，由于場面比較逼真，為了您的安全，有高血壓、心臟病的游客請留在地震平臺外感受，其它朋友請上平臺進行體驗。
What we see in front of us is the subsided dynamic experience area. Here you can travel through time back to 30,000 years ago and have a live-action experience of the production and life of the primitive people, as well as the shocking scenes when hit by disasters. Since the scene is quite lifelike, for safety concern, visitors with high blood pressure or heart disease should experience only outside the earthquake platform and other visitors can step onto the platform for a thrilling experience.
水洞溝導游講解詞中英文混合版還有兩篇后續(xù)更新，歡迎大家繼續(xù)關(guān)注水洞溝官網(wǎng)寧夏銀川旅游攻略。