銀川旅游景點(diǎn)介紹：水洞溝導(dǎo)游講解詞中英文混合版！（四）
2017-07-28
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水洞溝導(dǎo)游講解詞中英文混合版?。ㄋ模?br />
編號(hào)030藏兵洞簡(jiǎn)介
Number 030 Brief Introduction to the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave
所謂藏兵洞，是紅山堡守軍由地上轉(zhuǎn)入地下，隱蔽軍隊(duì)，保護(hù)自己，伺機(jī)出擊，或在空曠處設(shè)伏兵的地道。長(zhǎng)城、城堡、深溝、峽谷和藏兵洞共同構(gòu)成了全國(guó)是唯一保存最為完整的古代立體軍事防御體系。現(xiàn)在展現(xiàn)在大家眼前的藏兵洞是我國(guó)最早的地道戰(zhàn)遺址和原型。如果說抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，八路軍和游擊隊(duì)的地道戰(zhàn)能讓敵人膽戰(zhàn)心驚，聞風(fēng)喪膽，那么我們可以想象500多年前明代的邊塞守軍也是以同樣的智慧和勇敢將侵略者擋在了長(zhǎng)城之外。
The hiding cave actually indicates the move of defending troops at Hongshan Fort transferring from overground defence to underground defence. It was used to hide the troop and protect the effective strength awaiting for chance to attack the enemies or served as tunnel to place troops in ambush in open area. The Great Wall, tower, deep ditch, gorge and hiding cave have constituted the only well-preserved ancient three-dimensional military defense system all over the country. The ancient troop-hiding cave in front of us is the site and prototype of the earliest tunnel warfare in our country. If the tunnel warfare initiated by the Eighth Rout Army and guerrilla forces made the enemies terror-stricken and tremble with fear during the War of Resistance against Japan, we can also imagine that the defending troops at the frontier fortress of Ming Dynasty had kept the invaders outside the Great Wall with the same wisdom and courage 500 years ago.
編號(hào)031坑道
Number 031 Underground Tunnel
大家正在通過的就是藏兵洞的主體構(gòu)成部分——坑道，坑道是戰(zhàn)時(shí)用于軍隊(duì)調(diào)運(yùn)、通行、出擊或進(jìn)入洞內(nèi)的通道，平時(shí)可作為兵士的休息住所。
What we are passing through is the major part of Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave—underground tunnel. It is used for army mobilization, passage, attack or entry to the cave in wartime. In peacetime, it serves as the shelter for soldiers.
編號(hào)032 休息室和儲(chǔ)藏室
Number 032 Common Room and Storeroom
坑道的左右兩側(cè)辟有土屋，土屋大小不同，其作用也不盡相同，有些入深較淺，是為站崗的崗位。有些用作休息室或作值班之用，還有一些便是儲(chǔ)藏物資的場(chǎng)所了。
Mud huts are located on both sides of the underground tunnel. The function of the hut varies depending on its size. Some shallow ones are for stand guard. Some are used as common room or duty room wihle others are used for storing goods and materials.
編號(hào)033陷阱
Number 033 Trap
一號(hào)陷阱，深約一丈，原先在陷阱里面會(huì)倒置一些鹿角和竹簽，上面覆以柴草以及浮土，藏兵洞光線昏暗，加之?dāng)橙藢?duì)于洞內(nèi)環(huán)境不熟悉，很容易掉入陷阱，一旦落入，非死即傷，至今里面還遺留著敵人的尸骨。
The depth of the trap No. 1 is around 3.3 meters. Originally, antlers or sharp-pointed bamboo sticks would be placed in the trap covered by firewood and loose dust. Since it’s dim inside the cave and the enemies are not familiar with the conditions, they would easily fall into the trap, whether being injured or killed. So far, there are still some skeletons of the enemies left inside.
編號(hào)034炮臺(tái)
Number 034 Fort Barbette
這是目前為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的藏兵洞里唯一的一個(gè)炮臺(tái)，窗口邊駕著一口土炮是從西班牙進(jìn)口的弗朗機(jī)，它也是藏兵洞內(nèi)最高級(jí)的武器，炮臺(tái)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，說明當(dāng)時(shí)已不是單純的冷兵器時(shí)代，只是熱兵器使用并不廣泛，否則明代修筑長(zhǎng)城就有沒多大意義了。而且，我們留意到這口大炮面對(duì)著大峽谷，一炮轟過去整個(gè)崖壁就會(huì)坍塌，對(duì)自己的安全也會(huì)產(chǎn)生威脅，因此這口炮一般情況下是不會(huì)使用的，只有在萬不得已的時(shí)候才會(huì)用到。
This is the only fort barbette found so far in the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave. The one seated next to the window is a cannon imported from Spain. It is also the most advanced weapon found in the cave. The discovery of the fort barbette implies that even if the fired weapons are not widely used, it is no longer a cold weapon dominated era, otherwise it would not make much sense for the Ming Dynasty to continue building the Great Wall. Moreover, we notice that the cannon faces the gorge. A single fire could have triggered the collapse of the whole cliff, which would endanger the defending troops as well. Therefore, the cannon would not be used except under extremely critical situation.
編號(hào)035瞭望臺(tái)
Number 035 Observation Tower
您到達(dá)的是瞭望臺(tái)，在瞭望臺(tái)上我們可以看到對(duì)面崖壁上有很多的小洞，不是天然形成的，而是人為的，那些就是對(duì)面藏兵洞的通風(fēng)透氣口。藏兵洞全部在地下，通風(fēng)口便成為非常重要的一個(gè)組成部分。瞭望臺(tái)不僅有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)敵情，也可以和對(duì)面藏兵洞的士兵發(fā)送信號(hào)，以便選擇在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候?qū)⑦^往的敵人伏擊在峽谷之中。另外，為避免引起敵人懷疑，他們會(huì)在瞭望臺(tái)或洞口處種植一些葉子很濃密的植物，加強(qiáng)它的隱蔽性，從洞里面可以看到峽谷的情況，但是從峽谷當(dāng)中是很難發(fā)現(xiàn)這里有伏擊之所的。
Here you have come to the observation tower. Standing on the tower, we can see many small holes in the cliff facing us. The holes are not natural but man-made ones serving as ventilation function for the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave. Since the cave is excavated underground, ventilation holes have become a critical part. The use of observation tower not only makes it easier to find the enemy’s situation but also serves as a way to send signals to the soldiers stationed in the hiding cave on the opposite side so that they could ambush the enemies passing through the gorge at a proper time. In addition, to be better covered and avoid being suspected by the enemies, they would grow some plants with dense leaves at the observation tower or at the entrance of the cave. The situation of the gorge could be caught in the cave while it’s quite difficult to find the ambush spot.
編號(hào)036 將軍洞
Number 036 The General’s Cave
將軍洞處于藏兵洞中心位置，由客廳和臥室兩個(gè)部分組成，相對(duì)較為高級(jí)，這是是古代等級(jí)制度的體現(xiàn)。在將軍洞里最玄妙的地方是墻壁上的這個(gè)儲(chǔ)物柜，上層的柜子僅做儲(chǔ)物之用，下面的這個(gè)柜子卻另有玄機(jī)，您不妨打開看一看，打這里出現(xiàn)兩道門，第二道門后有一個(gè)高約五十公分的小洞，這是一個(gè)暗道，由于藏兵洞內(nèi)道路四通八達(dá)，一旦有敵人闖進(jìn)洞內(nèi)，無論將領(lǐng)還是士兵都可以從暗道轉(zhuǎn)移到安全的地方，從其他地方圍攻敵人。在明代，將軍等級(jí)以頭盔來劃分，在金銀銅鐵四個(gè)等級(jí)中，這個(gè)頭盔等級(jí)并不高，但藏兵洞占有一夫當(dāng)關(guān)、萬夫莫開的地理優(yōu)勢(shì)，因此設(shè)一般等級(jí)足以。
The general’s cave is located in the center and is composed of a living room and a bedroom. It is a relatively senior setup which reflects the ancient hierarchy system. The most mysterious part in the cave is the cabinet in the wall. The chest on top is only used for storage while the chest at the bottom is used for otherwise. If you open it and have a look, you will see two doors. There is a small hole with a height of 50 centimeters behind the second door. It’s a postern. Since the roads in the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave extend in all directions, the defending troop, whether being a general or soldiers could transfer to a safe place through the postern and attack the enemies breaking into the cave. In Ming Dynasty, generals are ranked by the helmets they wear. The rank of this helmet is not high among the four ranks judged from the material of the helmets, whether being gold, silver, copper or iron. However, with the geographical advantage of being a pass that one man can hold out ten thousand, a general with ordinary rank is sufficient enough for the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave.
編號(hào)037議事廳
Number 037 Meeting Room
眼前這個(gè)寬敞的位置是一個(gè)餐廳，也是臨時(shí)的議事廳，一舉兩得，減少了占用空間，這里可以看到一個(gè)灶臺(tái)，這口大鐵鍋就是五百年前明代遺留下來的，從鍋的大小來看，這里應(yīng)該主要是供高級(jí)將領(lǐng)吃飯的地方，因?yàn)轳v守此地的常備軍為251名，這口鍋肯定不夠二百多人吃飯。在這個(gè)灶臺(tái)上方還有一個(gè)巧妙的設(shè)置，有三個(gè)出煙口，三個(gè)出煙口有什么好處呢，一方面可以分散煙的濃度，防止被地面上的敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)，另一方面不管外面風(fēng)向什么樣，總有一個(gè)出煙口可以排煙，防止煙刮到洞內(nèi)熏到他們自己人。
The commodious place in front of us is a dining room as well as a temporary meeting room intended to save space, which kills two birds with one stone. Here, we can see a cooking bench. This iron cauldron is handed down from Ming Dynasty dating back to 500 years ago. Judging from the size of the cauldron, this should be a dining room that mainly serves for high-ranking military officers, because this cauldron cannot offer enough food for the 251 standing army stationed here. There is an ingenious design above the cooking bench with three smoke chimneys. What are the benefits for such design? On the one hand, it disperses the smoke vented in order to avoid being discovered by enemies on the ground. On the other hand, at least one chimney works regardless of the wind direction so that the smoke won’t be blown back into the cave and poison or suffocate people on their own side.
編號(hào)038地下二層兵器庫(kù)
Number 038 Armory on the Second Floor Underground
我們現(xiàn)在可以看到地上有很多散落的兵器，為什么前面陷阱里面的尸骨沒有進(jìn)行清理，兵器庫(kù)也是散亂不堪，這可能由于不可查證的原因，整個(gè)藏兵洞遭到了破壞和填埋，也可能是明代衰落時(shí)期，很多人死于這種朝代變遷的戰(zhàn)亂當(dāng)中，最里面可以看到有一個(gè)戴著頭盔的頭骨就是有一位明代的普通士兵命喪黃泉了，而且還不是全尸，他的身體并沒有找到，當(dāng)時(shí)北方很多少數(shù)軍民合一，論功行賞是以取敵人首級(jí)多少來界定的，這名明代普通士兵被殺之后，他的頭顱被砍下帶走，但是敵人到了兵器庫(kù)后，不知處于什么原因，丟下了這顆會(huì)帶給他榮譽(yù)的頭顱，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的殘忍不言而喻，真心希望世界沒有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，沒有殺戮，永遠(yuǎn)和平。
We can see many weapons scattered on the ground. Why the skeletons in the trap we saw previous are not cleaned and the armory here is also a mess? Because it’s impossible to carry out the investigation and verification, one possibility is that the Ancient Troop-Hiding cave was once destroyed or backfilled. It was also possible that many people died in the chaos caused by war during the dynastic transitions. We can see a skull wearing helmet was left in the innermost. It’s a dead private soldier from Ming Dynasty. With the rest of the body missing, it is actually not a full body. By then, many minority civilians or soldiers from the north are involved in the war. With the principle of awarding people according to their contributions, the number of chopped-off heads defines the level of contribution. When the private soldier from Ming Dynasty was killed, his head was chopped off and taken away. However, the enemy somehow left the skull that would bring him honor in the armory. War speaks for itself the brutality. We sincerely hope there would be no more war and killing in the world. May peace be kept forever.
編號(hào)039水井
Number 039 Water Well
這口水井是他們?cè)诙磧?nèi)的主要水源，由于寧夏地下水位比較深，因此，只有把井修到下面這層才有水，在洞穴的上方我們還可以看到一圈紅色水垢，推測(cè)可能是敵人曾經(jīng)從洞外灌水所致。
This water well is their major source of water in the cave. Since the underground water level in Ningxia is deep, water could be only available when the well is built on this layer. We can also see a ring of red incrustation on the ceiling of the cave. Speculation is that it might be generated when the enemies once filled the cave with water from outside.
旁邊看到的這樣未清理的洞道，在洞內(nèi)其他地方也有發(fā)現(xiàn)，藏兵洞內(nèi)很多地方還有待于進(jìn)一步清理，
The tunnels we see on the side are not yet cleared up. Other similar tunnels are found in other parts of the cave. There are actually many places yet to be cleared up in the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave.
編號(hào)040 火藥庫(kù)
Number 040 Powder-Magazine
火藥庫(kù)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，再一次說明熱兵器在明代的使用，這些火藥都是當(dāng)時(shí)遺留下來的，由于年代太久，現(xiàn)在都已失效，另外，由于配料的關(guān)系，明代火藥的殺傷力并沒有現(xiàn)代火藥爆發(fā)力強(qiáng)。
The discovery of powder magazine again accounts for the use of fired weapons in Ming Dynasty. The gunpowder is the leftover at that time. It has ceased to be effective after being left here for many ages. Moreover, due to the difference in ingredients, gunpowder made in Ming Dynasty is not as destructive as that made in modern times.
編號(hào)041哨崗
Number 041 Sentry Post
這里設(shè)置四個(gè)哨崗，說明這個(gè)位置比較重要，因?yàn)槲覀兗磳⒌竭_(dá)的是指揮中心。另外眼前的這個(gè)小型瞭望口直對(duì)對(duì)面一個(gè)洞口，便于互發(fā)信號(hào)，提高警惕性。另外這些崗位上的土臺(tái)子也證明占到這里的士兵守衛(wèi)的時(shí)間比較長(zhǎng)，特別辛苦，將領(lǐng)
The four sentry posts set up here signify the importance of the location since we are reaching the command center. Moreover, the small watch hold in front of us faces right to a hole on the opposite side for ease of mutual signaling and more vigilance. Meanwhile, the earth platform on the posts also prove that soldiers would be guarding here for a long time and be quite laborious.
042糧倉(cāng)
Number 042 Granary
在這個(gè)洞穴中，清理出一些糧食，但它的面積很小，這說明藏兵洞不是一個(gè)永久駐兵的地方，和地道戰(zhàn)一樣，這些士兵的日常生活以地面為主，在緊急狀態(tài)下才會(huì)進(jìn)入洞內(nèi)打伏擊，藏兵只是一種以退為進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)略手段。
Grains are found in a very small area in this cave, which implies that the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave is not a permanent troop station. Like the tunnel warfare, these soldiers mainly stay overground for daily life. They would only enter the cave for ambush under emergency condition. Troop-hiding is a strategic means of making concessions in order to gain advantages.
043會(huì)議廳
Number 043 Conference Hall
這里是藏兵洞的指揮中心--會(huì)議廳。會(huì)議大廳主要用于聚眾開會(huì)商議軍機(jī)，研究、布置軍事行動(dòng)，進(jìn)行作戰(zhàn)部署的地方。藏兵洞雖然修建于明代，但在清代時(shí)它仍然在延用。
This is the conference hall－command center of the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave. The conference hall is mainly for the military officers to gather and discuss the military plans, study and arrange military operation and operational preparations. Even though the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave was built in Ming Dynasty, it was still in use in Qing Dynasty.
編號(hào)044防御洞道
Number 044 Defense Tunnel
現(xiàn)在您參觀的這部分屬于一個(gè)完整的防御洞道，在這里的墻壁上沒有放置油燈的小洞，說明在明代，他們自己人一般不進(jìn)入，只為誘導(dǎo)敵人進(jìn)入，以便為自己節(jié)省人力。
What you are visiting now is a complete defense tunnel. There are no small holes available to place the oil lamp in the wall, which means in Ming Dynasty, the defending troop generally would not enter the tunnel. It is only used to induce the enemies to enter so that they would save some manpower.
編號(hào)045大型陷阱
Number 045 Large Trap
在這個(gè)大型陷阱中，您可以看到很多暗器，當(dāng)時(shí)他們用削尖的竹子置于陷阱底部，竹子的韌性很強(qiáng)，殺傷力很強(qiáng)。
As you can see, there are many hidden weapons in this large trap. At that time, they would put sharp-pointed bamboos at the bottom of the trap. The toughness of bamboo is quite incredible, which makes it extremely destructive.
凹凸陣的以及眼下的木頭都是一些為減緩敵人進(jìn)攻速度所設(shè)置的障礙物。
The concave-convex battlefields and the logs are purposely made barriers to retard the attack from the enemies.
編號(hào)046生死門
Number 046 Doors between Life and Death
生死門，顧名思義，即有生有死，左邊生路，就是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的過道，右邊死門，因?yàn)檫@里會(huì)設(shè)置暗器和機(jī)關(guān)，走的時(shí)候可以留意腳下，這些機(jī)關(guān)啟動(dòng)以后會(huì)有箭頭射出，進(jìn)入此路可謂九死一生。另外當(dāng)敵人進(jìn)入生死門的通道，明代士兵會(huì)從側(cè)洞中出來將兩扇門關(guān)閉，使得敵人困于門內(nèi)。
Doors between life and death, just as its name implies, they are choices for life or death. On the left side is the way out, a simple aisle. The door on the right leads to death, because hidden weapons and tricks are installed here. One has to watch the steps carefully because once any tricks are triggered, arrows would be shot. It’s a near escape for anyone who takes this way. Moreover, if the enemies enter the passageway of the “doors between life and death”, soldiers from Ming Dynasty could come along from side holes and shut both doors so that enemies would be trapped inside.
編號(hào)047 軟繩陣
Number 047 Soft Rope Tactics
軟繩陣的設(shè)置事實(shí)上沒有太大殺傷力，可是經(jīng)過前面幾道鬼門關(guān)，這里可以打心理戰(zhàn)，即使看見暗器如何設(shè)置，也不敢貿(mào)然前進(jìn)。
The setup of soft rope tactics is actually not that destructive. However, after going through the previous gates of hell, psychological warfare is initiated here. Even if the enemies see how the hidden weapons are installed, they dare not advance without careful consideration.
編號(hào)048翻版
Number 048 Trap Board
木板鋪起來的地方仍然是一個(gè)陷阱——翻板，中間有軸控制，踩動(dòng)木板任意一頭，木板就會(huì)翻過來，敵人便落入陷阱，深3米，也有削尖的竹子作暗器，掉下去必死無疑。
The place covered by wooden board is another trap－the Trap Board. A roller is installed in the middle of the board for control. The board would be turned over when any side is stepped on. The enemy would fall into a trap as deep as 3 meters, with sharp-pointed bamboos installed as hidden weapons. Anyone who falls into the trap would certainly get killed.
編號(hào)049 滾木
Number 049 Rolling Log
這個(gè)大木桶便是滾木，一般和石塊一同使用，正所謂滾木雷石?？梢杂迷诖髰{谷的上面攻擊敵人。
The big log is the rolling log which is usually used together with stones. This is what they call “rolling logs and thunderstones” . They could be used to attack the enemies from the top of the gorge.
編號(hào)050把總署
Number 050 Ba Zong’s Office
把總，是明代的一個(gè)官職，是守衛(wèi)一個(gè)堡寨的軍事長(zhǎng)官，相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)營(yíng)長(zhǎng)。在紅山堡，明代駐軍251名，由駐堡的把總統(tǒng)領(lǐng)。
“Ba Zong” was a government position in Ming Dynasty. It was the military officer guarding a fort. This position is equivalent to a current battalion commender. There were 251 soldiers stationed in Hongshan Fort in the Ming Dynasty and were led by the Ba Zong quartered in the fort.
這處把總署，是2007年由寧夏考古研究所發(fā)掘清理紅山堡時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。當(dāng)時(shí)把總署的地基埋在廢墟中，清理這塊地方時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)大量明代磚瓦及建筑構(gòu)件堆積，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了尚保存完好的地基。根據(jù)地基分布情況，又根據(jù)地基周圍磚瓦及建筑構(gòu)件的堆積情況，專家們恢復(fù)了當(dāng)時(shí)這組建筑的形制，并根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載知道了這組建筑是明代紅山堡把總署，2008年，我們根據(jù)專家的研究成果，恢復(fù)重建了明代把總署，并將其開辟為“寧夏長(zhǎng)城博物館”。
This Ba Zong’s office was discovered in 2007 by Ningxia Archaeological Research Institute when excavating and clearing up Hongshan fort. The foundation of the office was then buried in ruins. Archaeologists discovered large amount of tiles and building components from Ming Dynasty, as well as the well preserved foundation. Experts restored the shape and structure of the buildings according to the distribution of foundation and the piled tiles and building components, and they got to know from documentary records that this building was the Ba Zong’s office for Hongshan fort of Ming Dynasty. In 2008, we restored and rebuilt it, and developed it as “The Great Wall Museum in Ningxia ” according to the research findings by the experts.
編號(hào)051磚枕（位于長(zhǎng)城博物館一號(hào)展廳）
Number 051 Brick Pillow (Located in Exhibition Hall No.1 at Great Wall Museum in Ningxia)
在戰(zhàn)亂年代用的很多，固體傳聲快，士兵枕著它休息，有敵騎過來，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的就可以聽到，利于提高警惕性，這個(gè)和我們通常說的“枕戈待旦”是一個(gè)道理。
It is widely used in the era of wars because the solid material spreads sound quicker. With heads rested on the brick pillow, soldiers can hear the enemy cavalry horses approaching from afar, which helps increase their vigilance. This is similar to what we usually say “make a pillow of one's spear waiting for daybreak”.
編號(hào)052鴟吻（位于長(zhǎng)城博物館一號(hào)展廳）
Number 052 Chiwen--Ornament on Roof Ridge(Located in Exhibition Hall No.1 at Great Wall Museum in Ningxia)
龍生九子各不同，這個(gè)便是龍王最小子，它是雨神，西北地區(qū)比較干燥，因此一般會(huì)將鴟吻裝飾在房脊上面，有消災(zāi)滅火求雨的寓意。
The dragon has nine sons with huge differences. Chiwen is the God of Rain, the youngest son of the dragon king. It is usually dry in the northwest area of China, the image of Chiwen is thus placed on top of the roof ridge as ornament. It has an implied meaning of removing ill fortune, suppressing fire and praying for rain.
編號(hào)053瓦當(dāng)
Number 053 Eaves Tile
瓦當(dāng)在中國(guó)古代建筑中非常常見，形似如意，有辟邪的寓意，另外瓦當(dāng)除了排水之外，由于中國(guó)古代很多建筑都是木結(jié)構(gòu)，瓦當(dāng)?shù)那懊孢@部分有保護(hù)木椽椽頭的作用，可以延長(zhǎng)房屋壽命。
Eaves tile is very commonly seen in ancient Chinese architecture. As its shape is similar to ruyi (an S-shaped ornamental object symbolizing good luck), it has an implied meaning of exorcising evil spirits. Moreover, aside from the function of drainage, eaves tile also serves as protection to the head of wood rafter since many ancient Chinese architectures are made of wood, in which way the service life of the building is extended.
編號(hào)054磚雕
Number054 Brick Carving
古人對(duì)于房屋裝飾格外講究，蘭花和仙鶴較為多見，蘭花是君子的象征，寓意清高廉潔；鶴發(fā)童顏，鶴常指長(zhǎng)壽吉祥。
The ancient people devote particular care to the decorations of the building. Orchid and red-crowned crane are relatively popular. Orchid symbolizes a man of noble character and implies pureness and integrity. Red-crowned crane usually implies longevity, good luck and the state of being healthy in old age.
編號(hào)055紅山堡
Number055 Hongshan Fort
它是明長(zhǎng)城防御體系中的一個(gè)城障，始建于明弘治十六年(1503年)，距今已有500多年。是按照明代長(zhǎng)城沿線60里一城，30里一堡的防御體制設(shè)置的。
Built in the 16th year of Hongzhi emperor’s regime (in 1503), it was one of the forts forming the Great Wall defence system. It has got a history of more than 500 years. It was set up according to the defence system of the Ming Dynasty, that is, cities to be built at every 30km and forts to be built at every 15 km along the Great Wall.
最初設(shè)置紅山堡等城障時(shí)，主要有兩個(gè)目的；一是加強(qiáng)長(zhǎng)城線上的防守；二是“防秋”。所謂“防秋”古已有之，到了明代，韃靼、瓦剌貴族仍然遵循突厥等游牧貴族的古例，就是往往于秋天馬肥草盛之際，大舉興兵南侵，這時(shí)農(nóng)耕還正值秋收季節(jié)。為此，從隋唐至明，每到這時(shí)就要調(diào)集大軍戍邊，以保護(hù)百姓秋收，因稱之為“防秋”。但在客觀上，其作用并不僅如此。如自嘉靖十年(1531年)，王瓊筑“頭道邊”，實(shí)施“深溝高壘”后，使長(zhǎng)城內(nèi)的“寧鹽大道”和陜北有屏障保護(hù)的交通大道相銜接，從而成為商運(yùn)往來的“黃金商道”。另一方面，又在橫山至清水營(yíng)各城障設(shè)立驛站，是寧夏鎮(zhèn)軍事供應(yīng)及軍機(jī)文書傳遞、官員往來的必經(jīng)之道，這就和“寧鹽大道”共同構(gòu)成了在軍事保護(hù)下的兩大主要交通線。另一重要作用，就是長(zhǎng)城內(nèi)外各族人民出入清水營(yíng)“馬市”及“牛羊小市”進(jìn)行商品交易和商貿(mào)往來，紅山堡是重要通道之一。
At the very beginning, barriers like Hongshan Fort were built for two purposes: one is to enhance the defence along the Great Wall frontier and the other is for “Autumn Defence”. “Autumn Defence” had been in existence since ancient times. When it came to the Ming Dynasty, the Tartar, Wala nobles still followed the ancient practice initiated by nobles of nomadic people like Tujue etc. They sent an army on a large scale to invade the south in autumn when horses are strong and forage grass is sufficient then. However, people in the south are still in the middle of autumn harvest. Therefore, dynasties from Tang to Ming would mobilize its army to garrison the frontier by then and prevent the civilians being attached. This is what we call “Autumn Defence”. But objectively speaking, its function is way beyond those mentioned. Since the 10th year of Jiajing emperor’s regime (in 1531), Wang Qiong (a military figure in Ming Dynasty)came up with the implementation plan of “deep trench and high barrier wall” and built the “major barrier wall”. After that, the “Ning Yan Road ”(running from Yinchuan City to Yanchi County today) was linked up with the barrier-protected transportation road in north of Shannxi and the“Golden Trade Road” for trade transportation back and forth was thus formed. On the other hand, courier stations were set up at all forts from Hengshan to Qingshuiying. It was the only access for military supplies, transmission of military plans and contacts of government officials for Ningxia Town. Together with the “Ning Yan Road”, it formed the two major traffic lines under military protection. Another important function is for people of all ethnic groups from both inside and outside of the Great Wall, to conduct commodity transaction and business trade in “horse trade marketplace” and “cow and sheep trade market” located in Qingshuiying. Hongshan fort is one of the important passageways.
編號(hào)056甕城
Number 056 Urn-Shape Auxiliary Entrance
鳥瞰紅山堡，整體像一只烏龜，紅山堡是烏龜?shù)纳眢w，甕城是烏龜?shù)念^部。平時(shí)紅山堡正門緊閉，甕城城門虛掩，在戰(zhàn)事發(fā)生時(shí)才會(huì)關(guān)閉甕城城門，把進(jìn)入甕城的敵人射殺在甕城城內(nèi)，因此有“甕中捉鱉”之說。
If you get a bird’s eye view of Hongshan Fort, you will find it looks like a turtle in general: Hongshan fort is the body of the turtle while the urn-shape auxiliary entrance is the head of the turtle. In peacetime, the main entrance of Hongshan fort is locked while the gate of the urn-shape auxiliary entrance is left half open. It will only be closed in the time of war in an attempt to kill the enemies inside the auxiliary entrance area. Therefore, a saying goes “catch a turtle in a jar”.
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